Background: New tools have been introduced for TOOTH INCLINATION measurement and assessment of its changes over time. This study aimed to measure the change in INCLINATION of teeth after the periods of 2 and 4 years in adolescents with normal occlusion using three‑ dimensional (3D) software. Materials and Methods: This retrospective longitudinal study was conducted on 54 pairs of dental casts of 24 adolescents between 9 and 13 years of age with normal occlusion. The INCLINATION of teeth was determined by 3D measurements using OrthoAid software. After scanning the casts via stereophotogrammetric scanner, the mean and standard deviation of INCLINATION of teeth were calculated at three time points. Change in these values was calculated after 2 and 4 years. The effect of sex, duration of follow‑ up, and the jaw (maxilla/mandible) on change of INCLINATION was analyzed using the Mann– Whitney and Wilcoxon tests. P < 0. 05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Incisor teeth torque was positive in the maxilla (9. 72 ± 8) and mandible (4. 22 ± 6. 09), but it was negative for the canine (– 7. 73 ± 6. 3 for maxilla and – 9. 9 ± 5. 22 for mandible), premolar (– 10. 35 ± 6. 84 for maxilla and – 26. 51 ± 9. 94 for mandible), and molar teeth (– 13. 23 ± 6. 22 for maxilla and – 39. 78 ± 9. 5 for mandible) in both jaws. Maxillary lateral incisor in boys showed the greatest change of INCLINATION in both 2 and 4 years (about 7° ) and the mandibular canine TOOTH in girls showed the least change of INCLINATION in 4 years (4° ). Conclusion: Sex significantly affected the changes in the INCLINATION of teeth throughout the period of study. The variation of changes in torque was considerable, and no consistent pattern was defined.

The angle of long axis of TOOTH crown is called tip in mesiodostal and torque in faciolingual direction. Both have special importance for producing an ideal occlusion. The aim of the present study was determination of the average tip and torque of each permanent TOOTH in well treated patients with edgewise system compare to control group with normal occlusion. In this study, 19 well treated cases through standard edgewise technique with non extraction strategy and 20 students of pre-university schools with normal occlusion according to IOTN were selected. Reference points and lines were marked on facial surface of each TOOTH on casts. Special device was designed for measuring the faciolingual and mesiodistal INCLINATION of crowns. After 3 times measuring the tip and torque of teeth, student t-test and Kruskal – Wallis analysis were used for statistical analysis.The mean age of control group was 18.8 ± 0.5 year and in treated group was 20.3 ± 0.8. There was significant difference between mean of torque in control group and treated group for upper lateral incisor (4.75±5.21, 8.76±5.82 respectively, p<0.03). Also a significant difference was seen in average torque of lower second premolar between control group and treated one (-23.48±5.99, -26.66±4.64 respectively, p<0.05). There were no significant differences in tip of teeth between two groups. In comparison with Andrews study, in normal occlusion group, upper canine & first molar and lower lateral & first premolar had more buccal root torque. Except the torque of upper lateral incisor and lower 2nd premolar, torque and tip of other teeth had no significant difference.

Introduction: Currently, a substance called casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate has been used as a substitute for fluoride mouthwash. This study aimed to compare the remineralization rate of fluoridated GC TOOTH mousse with concomitant use of fluoride mouthwash and GC TOOTH mousse on demineralized enamel lesions.Materials & Methods: In this laboratory study, 50 samples were selected from 30 intact human premolars, halved into buccal and lingual segments, and randomly divided into five groups. Enamel health was recorded using a DIAGNOdent device and Vickers micro hardness test.Afterwards, the remineralized agents were applied to the surface of samples for two weeks as follows: 1) Control, 2) Fluoridated GC TOOTH mousse, 3) GC TOOTH mousse, 4) Sodium fluoride mouthwash and 5) Sodium fluoride mouthwash+GC TOOTH mousse. Repeatedly, enamel remineralization values were recorded via DIAGNOdent device, and data were analyzed using one-way and two-way repeated measures ANOVA tests.Results: Our findings indicated that no significant difference was observed between remineralization rate of fluoridated GC TOOTH mousse and concomitant use of fluoride mouthwash and GC TOOTH mousse, evaluated by DIAGNOdent device (P=0.959) and Vickers micro hardness test (P=0.884).Conclusion: According to the results, application of fluoridated GC TOOTH mousse with concomitant use of fluoride mouthwash and GC TOOTH mousse had a similar impact on remineralization of demineralized enamel lesions.

Background and Aim: The important role of genetics has been recognized in recent years with respect to the understanding of TOOTH agenesis (TA). Identification of genetic mutations in individuals with TOOTH agenesis or other dental anomalies will enable preclinical diagnosis and improves orthodontic treatment. The aim of the present study is to assess the relationship between T.A and MSXI mutation.Methods &Materials: Case group consisted of 20 individuals with T.A and control group consisted of 20 individuals with complete set of dentition. Blood samples were collected and DNA's were extracted with P.C.I Ext Method. DNA's were amplified with PCR technique and after addition of Ban II on PCR product, presence or absence of MSXI mutation was evaluated. Evaluation was based on presence of additional DNA band in gel of electrophoresis in case group. Chi square test was used to compare two qualitative traits. Results: Ban II had no effect on DNA of control group (195 bp) and digested the defected Allele in case group (106 bp and 89 bp.) (P-valve <0/001).Conclusion: In control group no mutation had occurred and all of individuals in case group, had heterozygous mutations and there is a high significant statistical relation ship between T.A and MSXI mutations. Given the absence of TOOTH follicle in dental radiography, formation or agenesis of the mentioned TOOTH can be determined by means of explained method of present study. After all, performing a blood test can prognosticate whether the future TOOTH can be developed or not.

This paper describes and compares two species of Aphanius consisting A. vladykovi from Chaghakhor wetland (Chaharmahal-va-Bakhteyari province) and A. sophiae from Qomy-Abad Of varamine (Tehran province). In total, 59 morphometric and meristic characters were measured for each specimen. Ordination based on first and second factors resulted from Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that two species are significantly different.(Males and females were compared separately to obviate sexual variation (A. vladykovi. 30 males and 26 females) (A. sophiae 22 males and 20 females). In females the characters consisting of predorsal length, preanal length, body depth, total length, head length, head width, prepelvic length and head depth were associated with the first component which accounted for 27% of the total variance. In males the characters consisting of head length, pre dorsal length, total length, preanal lengtn, head depth, postorbital length, head depth, pre pelvic length, caudal peduncle depth, mouth width and anal fin length were associated with the first component which accounted for about 33 % of the total variance in scores.

Introduction: Narcotic drug abuse and illicit use of drugs is a major, complicated multifactorial phenomenon affecting most of the societies today. Incidence of drug abuse among adolescents is very high. Adolescents become addicted to substances more quickly than adults. The aim of this study was to assess the pattern of drug abuse among male adolescents in Hamadan.Methods: This study was a descriptive study and samples (n=400) were collected on the basis of snowball sampling method. Information was collected individually through completion of a researcher-designed questionnaire including demographic and epidemiological indices, perceived familial support, religiosity, and locus of control.Results: The results showed that smoking (93%), alcohol (92.5%), marijuana (64.3%), and opium (57.8%) use were very high, while LSD (4.8%) and Cocaine(2.3%) use was rare. 77.8 % of adolescents began drug abuse between 12 and 18 years of age. Moreover, sensation seeking (26.5%), individual interest (24.8%), and peer pressure (22%), were the main reasons for drug abuse.Conclusion: As initial smoking, alcohol and marijuana use play an important role in determining the future addiction of adolescents to narcotics, yearly surveillance programs in the country and evaluation of etiological factors of narcotic addiction need to be studied carefully. All of the preventive and school programs designed for the young should take into account environmental, demographic and policy factors in addition to personal factors so that the programs have a maximum effect.

Stepped spillways are an accessory of reservoirs and water conveyance system, which dissipate flow energy and reduce the size and costs of stilling basins (SBs). As the reverse INCLINATION of each step helps form a small SB, therefore, energy dissipation becomes more efficient. In this study, using a Plexiglas spillway (height: 72 em), which was installed in an experimental flume (width: 50 em), various arrangements of numbers and INCLINATION steps of spillway were investigated installing 12 set-ups. The first experiment was conducted on the weir itself without any steps; another set-up was with one step without INCLINATION and one step with reverse INCLINATION. This procedure was continued asymmetrically with the array of 8 steps. As expected to efficiently dissipate the energy, more steps are required as the flow increases. It was observed that one inclined plus two horizontal steps provide the best energy dissipater array. Furthermore, it was revealed that there was a limit to increase the number of steps and their INCLINATION in energy dissipation, i.e., efficiency may not be enhanced by increasing the number of inclined steps.